Это будет ваша главная шпаргалка, к которой вы будете возвращаться каждый раз, когда сомневаетесь в выборе времени.
Я разбил её на три блока: сигнальные слова по временам, сводная таблица-матрица и ловушки-исключения, где сигнальные слова обманывают.
БЛОК 1. СИГНАЛЬНЫЕ СЛОВА ПО ВРЕМЕНАМ (главная таблица)
| Время | Сигнальные слова | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day/week/year, on Mondays, as a rule | I usually work at 9. |
| Present Continuous | now, right now, at the moment, currently, Look!, Listen!, today, this week | I am working now. |
| Present Perfect | already, just, yet, ever, never, since, for, so far, recently, lately, this week | I have just finished. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | for, since, all day, all morning, how long, lately, recently | I have been working since 8 am. |
| Past Simple | yesterday, last week/month/year, ago, in 2010, then, when, the other day | I worked yesterday. |
| Past Continuous | while, when, at 5 pm yesterday, all day yesterday, at that moment | I was working when you called. |
| Past Perfect | before, after, by the time, already, never before, when (о прошлом) | I had worked before you came. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | for, since, all day, how long (в прошлом), before, when | I had been working for 2 hours when he came. |
| Future Simple | tomorrow, next week/month/year, in 2030, soon, later, I think, probably | I will work tomorrow. |
| Future Continuous | at 5 pm tomorrow, this time tomorrow, all day tomorrow | I will be working at 5 pm tomorrow. |
| Future Perfect | by, by the time, by 2030, before, in two years | I will have worked by 6 pm. |
| Future Perfect Continuous | by … for, by the time … for | By 6 pm I will have been working for 8 hours. |
| Future in Past | (косвенная речь после said/told/thought) | He said he would work. |
БЛОК 2. СВОДНАЯ МАТРИЦА: ВРЕМЯ + СИГНАЛ + ФОРМУЛА
Это компактная версия — держите её под рукой.
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT | always, usually, every day V / V+s | now, at the moment, Look! am/is/are + Ving | already, just, yet, since, for have/has + V3 | since, for, all day, how long have/has been + Ving |
| PAST | yesterday, ago, last week V2 (ed) | while, when, at 5 pm yesterday was/were + Ving | before, by the time, after had + V3 | for, since, before, when had been + Ving |
| FUTURE | tomorrow, next week, soon will + V | at 5 pm tomorrow, this time tomorrow will be + Ving | by, by the time, by 2030 will have + V3 | by … for will have been + Ving |
| FUTURE IN PAST | said/told + would would + V | said/told + would be would be + Ving | said/told + would have would have + V3 | said/told + would have been would have been + Ving |
БЛОК 3. СИГНАЛЬНЫЕ СЛОВА ПО ГРУППАМ (запомнить блоками)
🟢 Группа «регулярность» → Simple
always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, on Mondays, as a rule
🔵 Группа «прямо сейчас / процесс» → Continuous
now, right now, at the moment, currently, Look!, Listen!, while, at 5 pm
🔴 Группа «результат / опыт» → Perfect
already, just, yet, ever, never, since, for, so far, recently, before, by the time
🟣 Группа «длительность процесса» → Perfect Continuous
for + период, since + точка, all day, how long, lately
🟡 Группа «будущее» → Future
tomorrow, next week, soon, later, in 2030, by, by the time, I think, probably
БЛОК 4. ЛОВУШКИ: когда сигнальное слово ОБМАНЫВАЕТ
Это самое важное! Одно и то же слово может указывать на разные времена.
| Слово | Когда какое время | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| for | Present Perfect — если действие продолжается до сих пор Past Simple — если действие закончилось Present Perfect Continuous — если подчеркиваем длительность | I have lived here for 5 years. (живу до сих пор) I lived there for 5 years. (уже не живу) |
| since | Present Perfect — точка отсчета до сейчас Past Simple — точка в прошлом | I have worked here since 2020. I worked there since 2020 (уже не работаю — редко). |
| when | Past Simple — два коротких действия Past Continuous — фоновый процесс Past Perfect — одно действие до другого | When he came, I was working. (фон) When he came, I had worked. (уже поработал) |
| while | Past Continuous — два параллельных процесса Past Simple — короткое действие на фоне | While I was working, he was reading. While I was working, he called. |
| already | Present Perfect — результат сейчас Past Perfect — результат до прошлого момента | I have already done it. I had already done it before he came. |
| just | Present Perfect — только что Past Simple (амер.) — только что | I have just finished. (брит.) I just finished. (амер.) |
| yet | Present Perfect — вопрос/отрицание Future — еще не, но скоро | Have you finished yet? I will do it yet. (редко) |
| by the time | Future Perfect — к будущему моменту Past Perfect — к прошлому моменту | By the time you come, I will have finished. By the time he came, I had finished. |
БЛОК 5. МИНИ-ТЕСТ: выберите время по сигнальному слову
- She __________ (already / finish) her report.
- Look! The children __________ (play) in the garden.
- I __________ (work) here since 2019.
- While I __________ (cook), he __________ (watch) TV.
- By the time you arrive, I __________ (finish) everything.
- He said he __________ (call) me later.
- They __________ (live) there for 10 years before they moved.
- I __________ (never / be) to London.
- At 5 pm tomorrow I __________ (fly) to Paris.
- She __________ (usually / get up) at 7 am.
Ответы:
1 — has already finished (Present Perfect)
2 — are playing (Present Continuous)
3 — have been working (Present Perfect Continuous)
4 — was cooking / was watching (Past Continuous ×2)
5 — will have finished (Future Perfect)
6 — would call (Future in Past)
7 — had lived (Past Perfect)
8 — have never been (Present Perfect)
9 — will be flying (Future Continuous)
10 — usually gets up (Present Simple)